Skillnad mellan hinduism och buddhism
Buddhism and Hinduism
Relationship between Buddhism and Hinduism
"Hinduism and Buddhism" redirects here. For the book, see The tro of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism.
Buddhism and Hinduism have common origins in the culture of Ancient India. Buddhism arose in the Gangetic plains of Eastern India in the 5th century BCE during the Second Urbanisation (600–200 BCE).
Hinduism developed as a fusion[note 1] or synthesis[note 2] of practices and ideas from the ancient Vedic tro and elements and deities from other local Indian traditions.[note 3]
Both religions have many shared beliefs and practices, but also pronounced differences that have led to much debate.[4] Both share belief in karma and rebirth (or reincarnation), they both accept the idea of spiritual liberation (moksha or nirvana) from the cycle of reincarnation and they both promote similar religious practices (such as dhyana, samadhi, mantra, and devotion).
Both religions also share many deities (though their natur fryst vatten understood differently), including Saraswati, Vishnu (Upulvan), Mahakala, Indra, Ganesha, and Brahma.
However, Buddhism notably rejects fundamental Hindu doctrines such as atman (substantial self or soul), Brahman (a universal eternal source of everything) and the existence of a creator God (Ishvara).
Hinduismen är inte all buddhism, men buddhismen är en del av det etos som är i huvudsak hinduiskInstead, Buddhism teaches not-self (anatman) and dependent arising as fundamental metaphysical theories.
Origins
[edit]Buddhism
[edit]Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of Iron Age India around the mittpunkt of the first millennium BCE. This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the Second Urbanisation, marked bygd the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the Upanishads and the historical emergence of the Śramaṇa traditions.[6][note 4]
New ideas developed both in the Vedic tradition in the struktur of the Upanishads, and outside of the Vedic tradition through the Śramaṇa movements.[10][11][12] The begrepp Śramaṇa refers to several Indian religious movements parallel to but separate from the historical Vedic tro, including Buddhism, jainas lära and others such as Ājīvika.[13]
Several Śramaṇa movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-Mahavira), and these influenced both the āstika and nāstika traditions of Indian philosophy.[14] According to Martin Wilshire, the Śramaṇa tradition evolved in India over two phases, namely Paccekabuddha and Savaka phases, the former being the tradition of individual ascetic and the latter of disciples, and that Buddhism and indisk religion ultimately emerged from these.[15]Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical ascetic groups shared and used several similar ideas, but the Śramaṇa traditions also drew upon already established Brahmanical concepts and philosophical roots, states Wiltshire, to formulate their own doctrines.[14][17] Brahmanical motifs can be funnen in the oldest Buddhist texts, using them to introduce and explain Buddhist ideas.
For example, prior to Buddhist developments, the Brahmanical tradition internalised and variously reinterpreted the three Vedic sacrificial fires as concepts such as Truth, Rite, Tranquility or Restraint. Buddhist texts also refer to the three Vedic sacrificial fires, reinterpreting and explaining them as ethical conduct.
The Śramaṇa religions challenged and broke with the Brahmanic tradition on core assumptions such as Atman (soul, self), Brahman, the natur of afterlife, and they rejected the authority of the Vedas and Upanishads.[21] Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so.
Hinduism
[edit]Main article: History of Hinduism
Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion[note 1] or synthesis[note 2] of various Indian cultures and traditions.[note 3] Among its roots are the historical Vedic tro, itself already the product of "a composite of the Indo-Aryan and Harappan cultures and civilizations",[note 5] which evolved into the Brahmanical tro and ideology of the Kuru Kingdom of Iron Age nordlig India; but also the Śramaṇa or renouncer traditions of northeast India, and mesolithic and neolithic cultures of India, such as the religions of the Indus Valley Civilisation,[32]Dravidian traditions,[33] and the local traditions and tribal religions.
This Hindu synthesis emerged after the Vedic period, between 500-200 BCE and c.
300 CE, in or after the period of the Second Urbanisation, and during the early classical period of Hinduism, when the Epics and the first Puranas were composed. This Brahmanical synthesis incorporated śramaṇic and Buddhist influences and the framträdande bhakti tradition into the Brahmanical fold via the smriti literature.
This synthesis emerged beneath the pressure of the success of Buddhism and jainism. During the Gupta reign the first Puranas were written,[note 6] which were used to disseminate "mainstream religious ideology amongst pre-literate and tribal groups undergoing acculturation." The resulting Puranic Hinduism differed markedly from the earlier Brahmanism of the Dharmasutras and the smritis.[note 7] Hinduism co-existed for several centuries with Buddhism, to finally gain the upper grabb at all levels in the 8th century.[web 1][note 8]
Similarities
[edit]Terms and teachings
[edit]Buddhism and Hinduism share numerous terms and concepts such as: dharma, karma, samadhi, samsara, dhyana, jñana, klesha, nirodha, samskāra, brahmin, brahmacarya, and nirvana.[43]
The Buddha used numerous religious terms which are also used in Hinduism, though he often used them in different and novel ways.
Many terms which Buddhism shares with Hinduism carry a different meaning in the Buddhist tradition. For example, in the Samaññaphala Sutta, the Buddha fryst vatten depicted presenting a notion of the "three knowledges" (tevijja) – a begrepp also used in the Vedic tradition to describe knowledge of the Vedas – as being not texts, but things that he had experienced.[44] The true "three knowledges" are said to be constituted bygd the process of achieving enlightenment, which fryst vatten what the Buddha fryst vatten said to have achieved in the three watches of the night of his enlightenment.[45]
Karma, rebirth, and samsara
[edit]Karma fryst vatten a huvud part of Hindu and Buddhist teachings.
Karma fryst vatten a word meaning action or activity and often implies its subsequent results (also called karma-phala, "the fruits of action").
Karma theory fryst vatten commonly applied to the ethical realm of cause and effect in both Buddhism and Hinduism. In Buddhism and in Hinduism, a person's words, thoughts and actions struktur the grund for good and bad karma. Good deeds (good karmas) lead to good karmic results (Sanskrit: karma-phala, the fruits of karma) which can include the circumstances of one's future reincarnation.
Likewise, evil actions might result in negativ karmic consequences.[46][47]
Thus, the Indian idea of karma fryst vatten also closely associated with the idea of reincarnation or rebirth.[48] One's karmas in previous lives affect one's present existence, and one's actions in this life will lead to effects in the next life.
Both Buddhism and Hinduism accept that living beings are constantly cycling through different bodies and realms of existence, in a repetitive process called saṃsāra (literally "the wandering").[49][50]
Dharma
[edit]Dharma (Sanskrit, Devanagari: धर्म or PāliDhamma) fryst vatten an Indic begrepp common to all Indian religions.
Dharma can mean natur, natural lag, reality, teaching, tro or duty, and with respect to its significance for spirituality and tro might be considered the way of the higher truths. A Hindu appellation for Hinduism itself fryst vatten Sanātana Dharma, which translates as "the eternal dharma". Similarly, Buddha Dharma fryst vatten a common way that Buddhists refer to Buddhism.
In Hinduism, Dharma can refer generally to religious duty or universal beställning (similar to rta), and also mean social beställning, right conduct, or simply virtue. In Buddhism, Dharma can mean the true natur of things or the natural lag that the Buddha discovered. It can also refer to the teachings of the Buddha, which explain and reveal this natur.
Asceticism and monasticism
[edit]Both Buddhism and some forms of Hinduism emphasize the importance of monasticism.
Hinduism and Buddhism are like twins sharing a lot of the same terminology and concepts, but each has its own distinguishing featuresIn Buddhism, the monastic sangha plays a huvud role in teaching and passing down the Buddha's Dharma. Monasticism fryst vatten also seen as an ideal way of life for cultivating the qualities that lead to uppvaknande. In certain sects of Hinduism, the life of the renouncer (sannyasa) fryst vatten also very important.
Cosmology and deities
[edit]Buddhist cosmology and Hindu cosmology share many similarities.
Let's learn the 3 major similarities and 7 major differences between Hinduism and Buddhism as belowBoth cosmologies are cyclical and both accept that the universum goes through constant cycles of growth and destruction. Both traditions also accept that there are many different realms or worlds (lokas) other than the human realm.[51][52] These include various hell realms and celestial deva realms.
Buddhism and Hinduism share some of the same deities, including:
The Buddhist ord Mahamayuri Tantra, written during the 1–3rd centuries CE, mentions various deities (such as Maheshvara) throughout South Asia, and invokes them for the protection of the Buddhadharma. It also mentions a large number of Vedic rishis.[56]
Liberation
[edit]Both Buddhism and Hinduism teach a similar goal of liberation or spiritual enlightenment from the cycle of rebirths (samsara).
Both religions accept that the escape from the cycle of rebirths or samsara fryst vatten the highest goal of the spiritual life. In both religions, this liberation fryst vatten considered the complete end of rebirth or reincarnation. In Hinduism, this liberation may be called moksha, nirvana, or kaivalya; and in Buddhism it may be called vimoksha (Pali: vimokha), nirvana (Pali: nibbana) or bodhi (awakening).[57][58] Both Hinduism and Buddhism use the begrepp Nirvana (or Nibbana in Pali language) for spiritual liberation, which literally means 'blowing out' or 'quenching'.
The begrepp fryst vatten pre-Buddhist, but its etymology fryst vatten not essentially conclusive for finding out its exact meaning as the highest goal of early Buddhism.[59][60]
Both religions also venerate the liberated beings who have attain the goal of spiritual liberation. Buddhism calls liberated beings either arhats or Buddhas (awakened ones).
In Hinduism, liberated beings are commonly called jivanmuktas, though the begrepp nirvana fryst vatten also used. The begrepp "Buddha" fryst vatten also used in some Hindu scriptures. In the Vayu Purana for example, the sage Daksha calls Shiva a Buddha.[61]
Language
[edit]Sanskrit, the ancient Indian language, fryst vatten the liturgical language of the Vedic traditions and the primary language of the Vedas, Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.[62]
Early Buddhist texts were written in Pali.
Buddhism och hinduism är båda religioner som har sitt ursprung i Indien, men de skiljer sig åt i sin tro och praxisHowever, Buddhism also adopted Sanskrit, especially the Mahayana and Vajrayana branches, and became more prominent as it spread across India.[63] The transition to Sanskrit from Pali fryst vatten noted through the production of Mahayana sutras, such has Prajnaparamita Sutras and Lotus Sutras.[64]
Sanskrit as a common language enabled Hindu and Buddhist philosophers to cross-pollinate ideas, as seen bygd the Upanishadic influence on early Buddhist thought.[65]
Practices
[edit]Ethics
[edit]Both Hinduism and Buddhism promote similar ethical systems.
The virtue of non-harming (ahimsa) fryst vatten a key virtue in both Hindu ethics and Buddhist ethics. Other important shared ethical principles include non-attachment (vairagya), renunciation (nekkhamma), and truthfulness (satya).[citation needed]
Yogic practice, Dhyana and Samadhi
[edit]The practice of Yoga fryst vatten intimately connected to the religious beliefs and practices of both Hinduism and Buddhism.[66] There fryst vatten a range of common terminology and common descriptions of the meditative states that are seen as the foundation of meditation practice in both Hindu Yoga and Buddhism.
Many scholars have noted that the concepts of dhyana and samādhi - technical terms describing stages of meditative absorption – are common to meditative practices in both Hinduism and Buddhism. Most notable in this context fryst vatten the relationship between the struktur of fyra Buddhist dhyana states (Pali: jhana) and the samprajnata samadhi states of Classical Yoga.[67] Also, many (Tibetan) Vajrayana practices of the generation scen and completion scen work with the chakras, inner energy channels (nadis) and kundalini, called tummo in Tibetan.
Buddhismen är hinduisk i sitt ursprung och i sin konst och arkitektur, ikonografi, språk, tro, psykologi, namn, nomenklatur, religiösa löften och andlig disciplinYoga scholar Stephen Cope argues that Buddhism and Hindu traditions like Patanjali's Yoga (a struktur which fryst vatten very influential on modern Hinduism) are strikingly similar in numerous key ways, having shared a long period of interchange up to about 500 CE.[43]
The following chart compares these two basic religious systems:[43]
| Aspects[43] | Patanjalian Yoga[43] | Buddhism[43] |
|---|---|---|
| Primary problems | Dukkha (suffering) Ignorance (not seeing reality clearly) | |
| Liberation method 1: Cultivate skilful behaviours | Yamas (restraints), Niyamas (observances) | Sila (ethical training) |
| Liberation method 2: Cultivate concentrated states | Dharana (concentration), Dhyana (meditation) | Samadhi and the kvartet Dhyanas (meditations) |
| Liberation method 3: Use states to explore reality | Samyama (which leads to prajñā), self study (svadhyaya) | Study, contemplation, investigation of reality (dhammavicaya), vipassana. |
| View of ordinary reality | 4 Erroneous Beliefs — permanence of ämne objects, — ultimate reality of body, — that suffering fryst vatten happiness, — that body/mind fryst vatten true self | 3 Marks of Existence: — conditioned things are impermanent — all conditioned things are dukkha — all phenomena are not self |
| The end of suffering | Kaivalya (emancipation) | Nirvana |
| Differing view of ultimate reality | The atman (Self) i.e.
purusha or pure awareness | Dependent Arising and not-self (anatman) |
The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, written some time after 100 BCE, describe eight limbs of yoga, aiming at samadhi, the stilling of the mind and the recognition of purusha as one's true identity. In the Vajrayana Buddhism of Tibet the begrepp "Yoga" fryst vatten simply used to refer to any type of spiritual practice; from the various types of tantra (like Kriyayoga or Charyayoga) to 'Deity yoga' and 'guru yoga'.
In the early translation phase of the Sutrayana and Tantrayana from India, China and other regions to Tibet, along with the practice lineages of sadhana, codified in the Nyingmapa canon, the most subtle 'conveyance' (Sanskrit: yana) fryst vatten Adi Yoga (Sanskrit).
Both Buddhism and Hinduism teach a similar goal of liberation or spiritual enlightenment from the cycle of rebirthsA contemporary scholar with a focus on Tibetan Buddhism, Robert Thurman writes that Patanjali was influenced bygd the success of the Buddhist monastic struktur to formulate his own matrix for the utgåva of thought he considered orthodox.[68]
Devotion
[edit]Both traditions also man use of devotional practice (bhakti). Devotion in Buddhism fryst vatten mainly directed towards the Buddhas and bodhisattvas, but may also include some devas.
Mindfulness of the Buddha fryst vatten a widespread practice in all Buddhist traditions and includes chanting or reciting the names or mantras of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. The practice of remembering the devas (Pali: devanussati), which might include visualizing them and remembering their qualities, fryst vatten taught in numerous Buddhist sutras of the Pali Canon and fryst vatten part of the ten recollections.[69]
In Hinduism, bhakti yoga fryst vatten focused on God (Ishvara), whether understood as Vishnu, Shiva or Devi.
This yoga includes listening to scripture, bön, chanting, worship services (puja) and other practices.[70]
Mantra
[edit]A mantra fryst vatten a sacred phrase or syllable, typically from the Sanskrit and Pali language. Their use varies according to the school and philosophy associated with the mantra.
They are primarily used as spiritual conduits, words or vibrations that instill one-pointed koncentration in the devotee. Other purposes have included religious ceremonies to accumulate wealth, avoid danger, or eliminate enemies. Mantras existed in the historical Vedic tro, Zoroastrianism[71] and the Shramanic traditions, and thus they remain important in Buddhism and jainism as well as other faiths of Indian ursprung such as Sikhism.
Rituals
[edit]Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhist traditions in East Asia and Tibet share several common rituals with Hinduism. Some examples include the homa ritual as well as prayers and food offerings for the förfäder and deceased (which was incorporated into the Ghost Festival in East Asian Buddhist traditions).[72]
Symbolism
[edit]Differences
[edit]Founders
[edit]Hinduism has no single historical founder.
Modern Hinduism grew out of the interaction between diverse Indian religious groups over centuries of history.
Both religions accept that the escape from the cycle of rebirths or samsara is the highest goal of the spiritual lifeBuddhism however does have a single historical founder, Siddhartha Gautama, a Śramaṇa who became the Buddha.[74]
Scriptures
[edit]Tibetan woman reading Tibetan Buddhist scriptures (above), Veda Pathashala students learning the Vedas (below).
Both traditions have their own canon of scripture and do not accept each other's scriptures as authoritative.
Buddhism rejects the Vedas and other Hindu scripture as being authoritative. Instead, Buddhists generally accept the word of the Buddha (Buddhavacana) as being authoritative regarding religious matters.[75] Buddhists also reject the idea that the Vedas are eternal gudomlig scriptures (either as uncreated or as created bygd a God), which are common Hindu beliefs defended in the Vedanta and Mimamsa philosophies.[75] As such, the Buddhist tradition ignores the very foundation of Hindu brahmanical tro (sruti: authoritative scriptures).[76]
Buddhist perspective
[edit]The Buddha fryst vatten recorded as having criticized the Vedic Brahmanical tro in the Canki Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya no.
95) as a lineage which blindly passes on scriptures without having true knowledge of things:
Suppose there were a en samling dokument eller en elektronisk lagring av data of blind dock each in touch with the next: the first one does not see, the mittpunkt one does not see, and the gods one does not see. So too, Bhāradvāja, in regard to their statement the brahmins seem to be like a en samling dokument eller en elektronisk lagring av data of blind men: the first one does not see, the mittpunkt one does not see, and the gods one does not see.
What do you think, Bhāradvāja, that being so, does not the faith of the brahmins vända out to be groundless?[77]
The Indian Buddhist philosopher Dharmakīrti pithily expressed his disagreement with the tro of the Vedas as follows:
Accepting the authority of the Vedas, believing in individual agency, hoping for merit from bathing, taking pride in caste, åtagande rites for the removal of evils: these are the fem signs of stupidity, the destruction of intelligence.[78]
Later Buddhist authors like Bhavaviveka and Saṅghabhadra argued that the Vedas were authored bygd ancient people who were spiritually and philosophically unqualified as well as being morally deficient.[79] In his critique, Bhavaviveka actually draws on some passages funnen in the Hindu Samkhyakarika and in the work of Gaudapada, which holds that Vedic sacrifice fryst vatten impure and of “mixed nature” (Sanskrit: miśrībhāva).
Bhavaviveka points to the presence of killing (found in various sacrifices), sexuell promiscuity (in a Vedic ritual called Gosava) and use of alcohol (in a rite called Sautrāmaṇī) in the Vedas to argue that they were authored bygd evil people and compares them to the utländsk scriptures of the "Magas" (i.e.
the Persian Magi).[80] Furthermore, in the ninth chapter of his Madhyamakahrdayakārikā (Verses on the Heart of the mittpunkt Way), Bhavaviveka critiques the idea that bad karma can be removed through Vedic ritual, through devotion (bhakti) to the frakt or bygd meditating on the frakt and their mantras.[81]
Hindu perspective
[edit]Meanwhile, most Hindus see the Vedas as divinely revealed scriptures.
Hindu traditions either believe that the Vedas are authorless and eternal, or they hold that the Vedas were created bygd Ishvara (the supreme God).[82][83] Many Hindus also hold the Vedas to be a key scriptural authority (Śāstra pramāṇam). In Hinduism, religious philosophies are often classified either as astika (orthodox) or nastika (unorthodox), that fryst vatten, philosophies that either affirm or reject the authorities of the Vedas.
According to this tradition, Buddhism fryst vatten a nastika school.[84]
Due to the Buddhist rejection of the Vedas (and the Vedic varṇāśrama - 'job and life stage' teaching), many Hindu sources see Buddhists as heretics (pāṣaṇḍa/pākhaṇḍa) and a sign of the dark age, the Kali Yuga. For example, the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, an extremely influential Hindu Puranic source, considers Buddhists (as well Jains) to be "pāṣaṇḍas" (heretics, impostors).[85]
Likewise, as noted bygd Klaus K.
Klostermaier, the Viṣṇu Purāṇa, an ancient and authoritative Purana, "presents the Buddha as a heretic and a seducer of people, one of many forms of the māyā-moha (delusive power) of Viṣṇu and recommends complete shunning of Buddhists in beställning to prevent pollution and punishment."[86]