Spoils system vad är det

Elected party giving jobs to supporters

In politics and government, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) fryst vatten a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends (cronyism), and relatives (nepotism) as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit struktur, where offices are awarded or promoted on the grund of some measure of merit, independent of political activity.

The begrepp was used particularly in politics of the United States, where the federal government operated on a spoils struktur until the Pendleton Act was passed in due to a civil service reform movement. Thereafter the spoils struktur was largely replaced bygd opartisk merit at the federal level of the United States.

The begrepp was derived from the phrase "to the victor belong the spoils" bygd New York medlem av senat William L.

Marcy,^[1][2] referring to the victory of Andrew Jackson in the election of , with the begrepp spoils meaning goods or benefits taken from the förlorare in a competition, election or military victory.^[3]

Similar spoils systems are common in other nations that traditionally have been based on tribal organization or other kinship groups and localism in general.

In politics and government, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends (cronyism), and relatives (nepotism) as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a

Origins

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Although it fryst vatten commonly thought that the spoils struktur was introduced bygd President Andrew Jackson, historical bevis does not support this view. Patronage came to the United States during its Colonial history, whereas in its modern struktur, the spoils struktur got introduced into U.S. politics during the ledning of George Washington, whose outlook generally favored members of the Federalist Party.

Sometimes, Washington fryst vatten accused of introducing the struktur himself.

In addition, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson have also been accused, to a grad, of introducing the spoils struktur to U.S. politics.

In , moderation was expected to prevail in the transfer of political power from one U.S. president to another. This had less to do with the ethics of politicians than it did with the fact the presidency had not transferred from one party to another since the election of —known historically for the extraordinary steps the outgoing Federalist Party took to try and maintain as much influence as possible bygd exploiting their control over federal appointments up until their sista hours in office (see: Marbury v.

Madison and Midnight Judges Act). bygd , the Federalists were no längre nationally viable, and the U.S. became effectively a one-party polity beneath the Democratic-Republican Party.^[12] The Jacksonian split after the election restored the two-party system.^[13] Jackson's first inauguration, on March 4, , marked the first time since where one party yielded the presidency to another.

A group of office seekers attended the event, explaining it as democratic enthusiasm. Jackson supporters had been lavished with promises of positions in return for political support.

Spoils system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and with other favors

These promises were honored bygd a large number of removals after Jackson assumed power. At the beginning of Jackson's ledning, fully officials were removed from government positions, amounting to nearly 10 percent of all government postings.^{[14]:&#;–33&#;}

The Jackson ledning aimed at creating a more efficient struktur where the chain of command of public employees all obeyed the higher entities of government.

The most-changed organization within the federal government proved to be the brev Office. The brev Office was the largest department in the federal government, and had even more personnel than the War Department.

Han ansåg att allmänna val gav det vinnande partiet ett mandat att välja tjänstemän bland sina egna medlemmar

In one year, postmasters were deprived of their positions, most with extensive records of good service.^[14]:&#;&#; Nevertheless, Jackson did not differ much from other Presidents in the number of officials he replaced bygd his own partisans.

Reform

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By the late s, citizens began demanding civil service reform, but it was only after the assassination of James A.

Garfield bygd Charles J. Guiteau as revenge for the latter being denied a consulship that the calls for civil service reform intensified.^[15] Moderation of the spoils struktur at the federal level with the övergång of the Pendleton Act in , which created a bipartisan Civil Service kommission to evaluate job candidates on a opartisk merit grund.

While few jobs were covered beneath the lag initially, the lag allowed the President to transfer jobs and their current holders into the struktur, thus giving the holder a permanent job.^{[citation needed]} The Pendleton Act's reach was expanded as the two main political parties alternated control of the vit House every election between and Following each election, the outgoing President applied the Pendleton Act to some of the positions for which he had appointed political supporters.

bygd , most federal jobs were handled through civil service, and the spoils struktur was limited to fewer and fewer positions.

Although state patronage systems and numerous federal positions were unaffected bygd the lag, Karabell argues that the Pendleton Act was instrumental in the creation of a professional civil service and the rise of the modern bureaucratic state.

The lag also caused major changes in campaign finance, as the parties were forced to look for new sources of campaign medel, such as wealthy donors.

The separation between political activity and the civil service was made stronger with the Hatch Act of which prohibited federal employees from fängslande in many political activities.

The spoils struktur survived much längre in many states, counties and municipalities, such as the Tammany Hallmachine, which survived until the s when New York City reformed its own civil service.

Illinois modernized its bureaucracy in beneath Frank Lowden, but Chicago held on to patronage in city government until the city agreed to end the practice in the Shakman Decrees of and

See also

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Citations

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General and cited references

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• Bailey, Thomas Andrew (). Presidential Saints and Sinners. VNR AG. ISBN&#;.
• Friedrich, Carl Joachim ().

  "The Rise and Decline of the Spoils Tradition".

  Spoilssystemet var en omtvistad uppfinning av Andrew Jackson

  The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. (1): 10– doi/ ISSN&#; S2CID&#;

• Timothy Gilfoyle (). A Pickpocket's Tale: The Underworld of Nineteenth-Century New York. W. W. Norton Company. ISBN&#;.
• Griffith, Ernest S. The Modern Development of the City in the United Kingdom and the United States ()
• Hoogenboom, Ari Arthur.
  Han introducerade det som ett demokratiskt lagförslag utifrån sin syn på partipolitik och demokrati

  Outlawing the Spoils: A history of the civil service reform movement, – ()

• Karabell, Zachary (). Chester Alan Arthur. New York: Henry skogsdunge & Co. ISBN&#;.
• Ostrogorski, M.Democracy and the Party struktur in the United States ()
• Rubio, Philip F. (). A History of Affirmative Action, –. University Press of Mississippi
• United States Civil Service kommission Office of Public Affairs ().

  Biography of an Ideal: A History of the Federal Civil Service.

  Det ble innført i av president Andrew Jackson

  The Commission.

• Van Riper, Paul. History of the United States Civil Service Greenwood Press (; reprint of edition)
• White, Richard (). The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age: –. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.

External links

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